Alfa Romeo 115 Series Transmission Gear Dog Ring
| Alfa Romeo Spider | |
|---|---|
 Alfa Romeo Spider Series 2 ("Coda Tronca") | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Alfa Romeo (1966-1986) Alfa Lancia Industriale (1987–1991) Fiat Auto (1991–1993) |
| Also called | Alfa Romeo "Duetto" |
| Production | 1966–1993 |
| Model years | 1966–1994 |
| Assembly | Italia: Grugliasco, Turin[1] Italia: San Giorgio Canavese (Pininfarina) |
| Designer | Aldo Brovarone and Battista Pininfarina at Pininfarina[2] |
| Body and chassis | |
| Grade | Sports car |
| Body style | ii-door roadster |
| Layout | Forepart-engine, rear-bicycle-bulldoze |
| Related | Alfa Romeo Giulia Alfa Romeo 105/115 Serial Coupés |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider |
| Successor | Alfa Romeo Spider (1995) |
The Alfa Romeo Spider (105/115 series) is a two-seater, front end engine, rear bulldoze roadster manufactured and marketed by Alfa Romeo from 1966 to 1994 in iv singled-out generations, or Serial, each with modifications ranging from modest to extensive.[3]
As successor to the Giulia Spider, the Spider remained in production for near three decades. The offset three Serial were assembled past Pininfarina in Grugliasco and the fourth Series in San Giorgio Canavese. The last Spider of that series was manufactured in April 1993 — the terminal rear cycle bulldoze Alfa Romeo before the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione of 2007. All the same, the sixth generation Alfa Spider (Blazon 939) was too designed past Pininfarina and produced betwixt 2006 to 2010 [See : https://web.annal.org/spider web/20110521151632/http://world wide web.pininfarina.com/alphabetize/storiaModelli/ultimi/alfasp & https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/automobile-reviews/alfa-romeo/alfa-romeo-spider-32-v6-2007-review/].
In 2012, FCA Italy and Mazda studied the possibility of jointly developing a new Spider for 2015 based on the Mazda MX-5 platform.[4] Ultimately, FCA and Mazda chose to manufacture a modern interpretation of the Fiat 124 Sport Spider rather than reviving the Alfa Romeo Spider.[5] [six]
History [edit]
Evolution [edit]
In 1962 Alfa Romeo introduced the new 105 Series Giulia, which first complemented and then replaced the 101-series Giulietta. The sport variants of the Giulietta remained on sale for several more years, upgraded to the Giulia'south one.6-litre engine and rebadged Giulia, until analogous variants of the new models were fix.
Thus the Giulietta-based Giulia Spider 1600 and Giulia Spider Veloce were produced from 1962 to 1965 and from 1963 to 1965 respectively.[vii] The Alfa Romeo Spider was based on Giulia mechanicals, including its Alfa Romeo twin cam inline-four, independent front and solid axle rear suspension, and unibody structure, incorporating the relatively new principles of crumple zones into the front and rear. Following the evolution the other Giulia sport variants, the Spider was powered by a i.6 50 engine, subsequently received a 1750 cc, then a 1300 cc, and finally a 2000 cc engine. Different any other Giulia derivative, it was upgraded and continued to sell through four decades, into the 1990s.
As for its predecessor the Giulietta Spider, the Italian firm of Pininfarina was responsible for the design, manufacturing of the body, also every bit final associates. The 1600 Spider was the final project in which founder Battista Pininfarina was involved.[8] [9] Blueprint director of Pininfarina at that time was Franco Martinengo.[10]
Giulia GT Spider [edit]
The 1963 Giulia GT Spider was intended as a replacement for the Pininfarina-designed Giulia Spider. Centro Stile Alfa Romeo and Bertone presented a proposition for a two-seater sports car that was developed between 1962 and 1963. Chassis blazon 105.03 was the same as the future "Duetto" Spider. The car was designed by Ernesto Cattoni and realised by Bertone. The overal style was very similar to the Giugiaro-designed, coupé version of Giulia, only on a shorter chassis. The auto never went into production and remained a paradigm, bearing s/due north 002.[11]
1963 Giulia GT Spider prototipo
Pattern [edit]
The original 1966 Spider shape was the result of a number of Pininfarina design studies, concept cars showing traits incorporated in the terminal product design.[12] The first one was the Alfa Romeo Superflow, a concept automobile built upon the chassis of a retired 6C 3000 CM racing machine and first shown at the 1956 Turin Motor Show, designed by Aldo Brovarone.[12] Despite being an aerodynamic coupé with prominent fins on the rear, and a futuristic all-plexiglas greenhouse and front wings, the Superflow already showed the overall trunk shape of the time to come Spider and the scallops on the sides. In the following years the Superflow was updated three times into iii more than dissimilar concept cars, namely a Superflow 2 coupé, and then an open up-superlative spider and finally another Superflow IV coupé. The most significant in the Spider's pattern history was the second, the open up-top Alfa Romeo Spider Super Sport, shown at the 1959 Geneva Motor Testify.[12] It did without the rear fins of the Superflow and Superflow 2, showing for the first time the rounded cuttlebone-shaped tail and tail light configuration of the Spider.[12] Last of the Spider's forerunner was the Giulietta Dart Speciale-based Alfa Romeo Giulietta SS Spider Aerodinamica, which premiered at the 1961 Turin Motor Testify.[12] [xiii] It was similar in shape to the production car, merely for hideaway headlamps.
Despite the about final design being ready in 1961, the continuing success of existing models and the economic challenges facing Italian republic at the time meant that the first pre-launch production Spiders began to emerge from the Pininfarina production line only at the end of 1965.[xiii]
Series 1 (1966–1969) [edit]
| First generation | |
|---|---|
 1969 Alfa Romeo 1750 Spider Veloce | |
| Overview | |
| Product | 1966–1969 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |
|
| Transmission | 5-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | two,250 mm (88.six in)[14] |
| Length | 4,250 mm (167.three in) |
| Width | 1,630 mm (64.two in) |
| Pinnacle | 1,290 mm (50.eight in) |
| Kerb weight | 990–ane,040 kg (2,183–2,293 lb) |
The Spider was launched at the 36th Geneva Motor Evidence in March 1966,[eight] and together with the Giulia Sprint GT Veloce tested by the press at an consequence organised in Gardone Riviera.[9] To cull a proper name for the spider Alfa Romeo appear a write-in contest, offer an example of the new car equally a prize.[15] Over 100,000 ballots were sent in, the great majority from Italian republic; the winner was Guidobaldo Trionfi from Brescia, who proposed the proper name "Duetto" (duet).[15] However it could non be officially adopted due to trademark issues, and the car was named simply Alfa Romeo Spider 1600.[15] The Spider's 1,570 cc twin cam engine had dual Weber two-butt side-draft carburetors, and produced 109 PS DIN (80 kW; 108 hp; or 129 PS SAE). Sparsely fitted inside but including five speed manual transmission, disc brakes 15" wheels fitted with Pirelli Cinturato 155HR15 CA67 tyres.[xvi] The price on launch in Italy was two,195,000 lire. In the US the car sold for $3,950 (compared to $3,991 for a Lotus Elan and $2,607 for an MGB).[17] In the UK the car's price was close to a Jaguar E-Type.[eighteen]
In January 1968, in Vietri sul Mare (Salerno), Alfa Romeo introduced the press to its 1750 line of cars, which included the new 1750 Berlina saloon, the Giulia Sprint-based 1750 GT Veloce coupé, and the 1600 Spider-based 1750 Spider Veloce, which replaced the original Spider 1600.[19] All were powered by the same engine, a new ane,779 cc, 118 PS DIN (87 kW; 116 hp; or 132 PS SAE) version of the Alfa Romeo twin cam engine.[19] [20] Acme speed rose to 190 km/h (118 mph).[nineteen] [20] The car did not acquit any Spider badging, just a "1750" script below the rear Alfa Romeo badge. During the production run, the front repeater lights were moved ahead of the wheel arches.
While in Europe the 1750 was fitted with two twin horizontal carburettors, starting with model year 1969 models for the North American marketplace had SPICA (Società Pompe Iniezione Cassani & Affini, a subsidiary of Alfa Romeo) mechanical fuel injection.[21] According to Alfa Romeo engine output and performance were unchanged from the carburetted version.[22] Modifications were also made to the suspension, brakes, electrics, 14" wheels and 165HR14 Pirelli Cinturato CA67 tyres, though the automobile looked effectively the same. Visible differences were limited to the rear-view mirror repositioned to the door, and badging on the tail, which read "Alfa Romeo" and "iniezione" (injection).
A new lower priced spider, the Spider 1300 Junior, was introduced in June 1968 alongside the GTA 1300 Inferior competition coupé.[23] Its 1,290 cc twin cam engine was the same used on the GT 1300 Junior coupé, and produced 89 PS DIN (65 kW; 88 hp; or 103 PS SAE).[23] [24] Elevation speed was 170 km/h (106 mph).[23] [24] From a mechanical standpoint the Junior differed from the 1750 only in engine displacement and output, while inside it lacked some features of the pricier model: namely opening quarter lights, center console, and the three-spoke wood rimmed steering wheel, replaced past a two-spoke plastic rimmed one. From outside the Junior version could be recognised by its black-coloured lower front bumper and absence of plastic headlamp fairings.
Due to the shape of its long, round tail, the Series 1 Spider is sometimes known as the "Osso di seppia" (Italian for cuttlebone) or "boat tail" to differentiate it from the "Kamm tail" Series 2. In N America the Series one is sometimes called the dovetail spider or Duetto.
vi,324 1600 Spiders were made and 2,680 1300 Junior.
-
Rear
-
Alfa Romeo Spider Junior 1300
Serial two (1970–1982/83) [edit]
| Second generation | |
|---|---|
 Spider Junior 1.six (1974) "Coda Tronca" | |
| Overview | |
| Production | 1970–1982 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |
|
| Transmission | v-speed manual |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | 2,250 mm (88.6 in) |
| Length | 4,120 mm (162.2 in) |
| Width | 1,630 mm (64.2 in) |
| Height | 1,290 mm (fifty.8 in) |
| Kerb weight | ane,025 kg (2,260 lb) |
In 1970 the first pregnant change to the exterior styling was introduced on the 1750 Spider Veloce, with the original'south distinctive elongated round tail revised to a Kamm tail, improving luggage space. Numerous other pocket-size changes took place both inside and out, such as a slightly dissimilar grille, new door handles, a more raked windscreen, top-hinged pedals and improved interior trim.
1971 saw the Spider Veloce receive a new, larger powerplant—a 1962 cc, 132 hp (98 kW) unit—and consequently the proper noun was inverse from 1750 Spider Veloce to 2000 Spider Veloce. The 1600 Spider restarted product a year later every bit the Spider 1600 Inferior, and was visually identical to the 1300.
1974 saw the introduction of the rare, factory request, Spider-Targa. Based on the Spider, it featured a Porsche mode solid rear window and black lift out GRP roof panels. Fewer than 2,000 examples were manufactured and this was the only Spider with a partly-solid roof Spider. The factory later introduced a model-specific hard top.
The 1300 and 2000 cars were modified in 1974 and 1975 respectively to include two small seats behind the front end seats, becoming a "two plus two" iv seater. The 1300 model was discontinued in 1977. Also, betwixt 1974 and 1976, the early-style stainless-steel bumpers were discontinued and replaced with black, prophylactic-clad units to run into increasingly stringent North American crash requirements. The fuel injected (SPICA) ii-liter version for the US market received the tipo 115.41 model code.
iv,557 of the 1300 Junior were made and 4,848 of the 1600 Inferior. 16,320 Spider Veloce 2000 were made and 22,059 of the Spider Veloce 2000 Iniezione (US version). Of the 1750 Spider Veloce, four,027 were fabricated.
1978 Alfa Romeo Niki Lauda Special Edition [edit]
In 1978 former F1 champion Niki Lauda joined Brabham Alfa Romeo F1 team and to celebrate this new addition to Alfa'southward race team, it was decided that Niki Lauda was to be commemorated by a special edition Spider in his name. Niki Lauda special edition was launched at the 1978 Long Beach Grand Prix, the chassis # 001 was driven on the excursion by Niki himself.[26] All together Lauda edition was made 350 examples. The car had only corrective changes, with the exception of the spoiler.[27]
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Serial ii Spider 2000 Veloce
-
Spider Coda Tronca
-
Rear view of a The states-market 1979 Coda Tronca, showing the large bumpers of the 115.41 model.
Series 3 (1982/83–1989/90) [edit]
| 3rd generation | |
|---|---|
 Series 3 Spider "Aerodinamica" | |
| Overview | |
| Production | 1983–1989 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |
|
| Manual | 5-speed transmission |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | ii,250 mm (88.6 in) |
| Length | 4,267 mm (168.0 in) |
| Width | 1,630 mm (64.2 in) |
| Height | 1,290 mm (50.8 in) |
| Kerb weight | 1,040 kg (2,293 lb) |
The Series 3 Spider debuted in North America for the 1982 model year with the introduction of 2.0 litre Bosch electronic fuel injection to replace the SPICA mechanical injection.
The Spider received a further styling revision in 1983, with introduction of blackness rubber front and rear bumpers, a forepart bumper incorporating the grille, a small soft rubber spoiler added to the rear kammback, and various other pocket-sized mechanical and artful modifications. The 1600 car (never available in North America) dropped the "Junior" name.
The Quadrifoglio Verde (Green Fourleaf Clover) model was introduced in 1986, with many aesthetic tweaks, including sideskirts, mirrors, new front end and rear spoilers, hard safe trunk mounted spoilers with integral third stoplight, unique 15" alloys and optional removable hardtop. Different interior trim included claret carmine carpets and gray leather seats with blood-red stitching. The QV was offered in merely three colours: red, silver and black. Information technology was otherwise mechanically identical to the standard Spider Veloce model, with a 2.0 L (1,962 cc) DOHC 2 valves per cylinder four-cylinder engine, fuel fed past twin 2-butt 40DCOM4/5 Weber carburetors in Europe producing 128 PS (126 bhp; 94 kW) at 5400 rpm and 178 N⋅m (131 lbf⋅ft) at 4000 rpm of torque; while in North American models retained the Bosch 50-Jetronic fuel injection introduced for the 1982 model year except that the VVT machinery was now L-Jet activated and five-speed manual transmission.[28] [29]
The interior received a new center panel, lower dash panels (to run into U.S. regulations) and a single monopod gauge cluster (with electronic gauges). For the Northward American market a model marketed every bit the Graduate acknowledged the model's appearance in the 1967 film, The Graduate, starring Dustin Hoffman.
The Graduate was intended every bit a less expensive entry-level model with the aforementioned engine and manual as the Quadrifoglio and Veloce, but with steel wheels, manual windows, vinyl seats, and vinyl top. Air-conditioning and a dealer-installed radio were the simply options. The Graduate arrived in 1985 in Northward America and continued until 1990.
Minor changes occurred from 1986 to 89, including new paint colors, a heart high mount stop lamp (CHMSL) midway through 1986 for Due north American models, a motility away from the brown carpet and new plough bespeak levers.
To comply with federal passive safe standards, a subset of Model Yr 1988 examples featured automatic seatbelts with the shoulder belts' internia reel retractors mounted behind and between the front seats, and routed through guides mounted on the inboard shoulder of the upper seat backs.
-
Spider Veloce (N America)
-
tertiary series Spider Quadrifoglio Verde, rear view
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Spider tertiary serial Quadrifoglio Verde version with optional hard height
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1987 Spider Quadrifoglio Verde two.0 hardtop forepart view
Serial 4 (1990/91–1993) [edit]
| 4th generation | |
|---|---|
 Spider "Type 4" in the rare "Vinaccia Red". | |
| Overview | |
| Product | 1990–1993 |
| Powertrain | |
| Engine |
|
| Transmission | 5-speed manual 3-speed automated |
| Dimensions | |
| Wheelbase | two,250 mm (88.half dozen in) |
| Length | 4,257 mm (167.6 in) |
| Width | 1,630 mm (64.ii in) |
| Elevation | 1,262 mm (49.7 in) |
| Kerb weight | 1,110 kg (two,447 lb) |
Series 4 launched in 1990 with Bosch Motronic electronic fuel injection,[3] total-width trunk-colored plastic bumper fascias, an electrical cooling fan, full-width rear taillights, on-lath diagnostics an optional automatic transmission — and eliminating the front under-bumper and rear trunk-lid spoilers of previous series.
In N America, Series 4 launched for model year 1991; 1990 models were Series 3 with Motronic fuel injection. Due north American Series four models featured power steering, larger knee joint bolsters and a driver-side airbag also appeared as standard for North American market Spiders, which were bachelor in 2 configurations: Spider and Spider Veloce. The Veloce substituted leather seats for the base model's vinyl; xv" alloy wheels were one size upward from the standard steel wheels with hubcaps; and air conditioning and a fabric top were standard.
Production of the original Spider ended in 1993. An all-new Alfa Spider was presented ane year afterwards.
For French market a numbered edition was marketed as the Beauté. 120 units were produced in white and navy blue ii-tone, with blue hood and white leather seats.
A express edition Spider Commemorative Edition (CE) was manufactured for Northward America every bit a 1994 model. Each of these 190 carried a small-scale numbered dashboard plaque.[3] The CE carried a special bluecoat on the olfactory organ, a "CE" script badge below the "Spider Veloce" emblem on the tail, golden center caps on 15" wheels, and bulge wood interior trim. Each came with a leather portfolio, numbered keychain, and documentation. The cars followed the VIN sequence 008276 to 008460.[ citation needed ]
In Europe this version was also marketed with 1.6 L engine used in serial three, fitted with Weber 40DCOM4/5 carburettors.[xxx]
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Spider quaternary series side profile
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Spider quaternary series tiptop closed
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Spider 4th serial showing the new rear cease
Product [edit]
Production of the first generation Alfa Romeo Spider spanned from 1966 to 1993, and amounted to 124,104 cars.
| Year | Units made |
|---|---|
| 1970 | two,539 |
| 1971 | 3,735 |
| 1972 | 4,121 |
| 1973 | four,848 |
| 1974 | v,107 |
| 1975 | 5,189 |
| 1976 | iv,338 |
| 1977 | four,183 |
| 1978 | 3,868 |
| 1979 | iv,129 |
| 1980 | 5,584 |
| 1981 | 1,653 |
| 1982 | i,923 |
| 1983 | v,365 |
| 1984 | 6,587 |
| 1985 | v,590 |
| 1986 | 7,215 |
| 1987 | 4,339 |
| 1988 | 4,090 |
| 1989 | three,950 |
| 1990 | 7,106 |
| 1991 | 9,073 |
| 1992 | iii,640 |
| 1993 | one,956[a] |
| Total 1970–93 | 110,128 |
a 190 examples produced during 1993 were sold as model year 1994 in the United states of america.
Generations [edit]
| Model | Engine | Power | Torque | Years | Production |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serial ane': "Duetto", Osso di Seppia or Roundtail | |||||
| Spider 1600 | 1,570 cc | 109 PS (lxxx kW; 108 hp) | 142 North⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) | 1966–1967 | six,324 |
| 1750 Spider Veloce Euro | one,779 cc | 118 PS (87 kW; 116 hp) | 168 N⋅m (124 lb⋅ft) | 1967–1969 | 2,500 |
| 1750 Spider Veloce United states | ane,779 cc | 132 PS (97 kW; 130 hp) | 168 North⋅grand (124 lb⋅ft) | 1968–1969 | ii,000 |
| Spider 1300 Junior | 1,290 cc | 89 PS (65 kW; 88 hp) | 137 N⋅m (101 lb⋅ft) | 1968–1969 | 2,680 |
| Series ane total production: | 13,678 | ||||
| Series two: Coda Tronca, Fastback, or Kamm tail | |||||
| 1750 Spider Veloce | 1,779 cc | 124 PS (91 kW; 122 hp) | 168 Northward⋅yard (124 lb⋅ft) | 1970–1973 | 4,027 |
| Spider 1300 Junior | 1,290 cc | 89 PS (65 kW; 88 hp) | 137 N⋅m (101 lb⋅ft) | 1970–1977 | 4,557 |
| 2000 Spider Veloce | 1,962 cc | 132 PS (97 kW; 130 hp) | 178 N⋅g (131 lb⋅ft) | 1971–1982 | 38,379a |
| Spider 1600 Junior | i,570 cc | 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) | 137 N⋅m (101 lb⋅ft) | 1972–1981 | 4,848 |
| Serial two total production: | 51,811 | ||||
| Series 3: Aerodinamica or Duck Tail | |||||
| Spider 2000 | 1,962 cc | 128 PS (94 kW; 126 hp) | 178 N⋅grand (131 lb⋅ft) | 1982–1989 | 29,210b |
| Spider 1600 | i,570 cc | 104 PS (76 kW; 103 hp) | 142 Due north⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) | 1983–1989 | v,400 |
| Spider Quadrifoglio Verde | 1,962 cc | 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) | 178 N⋅m (131 lb⋅ft) | 1985–1989 | ii,598 |
| Serial 3 total production: | 37,208 | ||||
| Series iv: Ultima , Bella or Terminal | |||||
| Spider 2000 | 1,962 cc | 126 PS (93 kW; 124 hp) | 166 N⋅m (122 lb⋅ft) | 1990–1993 | 18,456 |
| Spider 1600 | 1,570 cc | 109 PS (80 kW; 108 hp) | 137 Northward⋅m (101 lb⋅ft) | 1990–1992 | 2,951 |
| Series iv total production: | 21,407 | ||||
- ^a Including 22,059 US-market cars
- ^b Including 19,040 US-market cars
In The Graduate [edit]
A 1966 Series 1 Spider 1600 is featured in the 1967 film The Graduate,[32] giving the model widespread visibility. A "Graduate" trim level was subsequently marketed in the United states of america in the 1980s.[33]
Notes [edit]
- ^ "Spider 1600 Duetto". hem.passagen.se. Archived from the original on 21 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ "Aldo Brovarone". studiotorino.com . Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ a b c "Affordable Classic: 1991-94 Alfa Romeo Spider 2000". sportscarmarket.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
- ^ "Alfa Romeo, Mazda confirm roadster project: New MX-5 Miata, Spider due in 2015". Autoweek. 13 November 2018. Archived from the original on 13 Nov 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ^ "Fiat and Mazda denote co-operation program" (PDF). fiatspa.com. 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ This Is the Mazda Miata-Based Fiat 124 Spider: This Is the Mazda Miata-Based Fiat 124 Spider, accessdate: 21 November 2018
- ^ Fusi (1978), p. 862–864.
- ^ a b "History 1960-1970". alfaromeo.com.au. Archived from the original on nineteen February 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
- ^ a b Fusi (1978), p. 627–630.
- ^ "Design manager". tom-tjaarda.cyberspace . Retrieved 9 Feb 2012.
- ^ "1963 Alfa Romeo Giulia GT Spider". automotivemasterpieces.com . Retrieved 16 Jan 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Alfa Romeo 'spider 1600'". Quattroruote (route test) (in Italian) (136): 116–130. June 1966.
- ^ a b Garnier, Peter, ed. (27 April 1972). "Used Auto Exam: 1968 Alfa Romeo 1750 Spider". Autocar. 136. (3967): 22–23.
- ^ "1966 Alfa Romeo 1600 Spider Duetto". carfolio.com . Retrieved 27 October 2007.
- ^ a b c Bonetti, Daniele (29 June 2013). "Nato a Brescia il mito "proibito" del Duetto" [The "forbidden" myth of the Duetto was born in Brescia]. Bresciaoggi (in Italian). Retrieved 24 July 2015. [ permanent dead link ]
- ^ "Pirelli Cinturato ™". cinturato.net. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 14 Feb 2017.
- ^ "Enquiry New & Used Car Prices". NADAguides . Retrieved 21 November 2018.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Archetype Cars 1945–1975.
- ^ a b c "Le nuove Alfa Romeo 1750 presentate ieri in Italia" [The new 1750 Alfa Romeos introduced yesterday in Italy]. La Stampa (in Italian). xiv January 1968. p. 10. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ^ a b Fusi (1978), pp. 671–674.
- ^ "Affordable Classic: 1971-81 Alfa Romeo Spider". sportscarmarket.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
- ^ U.S.A. Version—Alfa Romeo 1750 Spider Veloce (supplement to owner'southward manual). alfa Romeo. 1969.
- ^ a b c "Spider 1300 eastward GTA Inferior nuove versioni Alfa Romeo" [Spider 1300 and GTA Junior, new Alfa Romeo variants]. La Stampa (in Italian). 29 May 1968. p. thirteen. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
- ^ a b Fusi (1978), pp. 675–676.
- ^ Willson, Quentin (1995). The Ultimate Classic Car Book . DK Publishing, Inc. ISBN0-7894-0159-2.
- ^ LBI Express: 1978 Alfa Romeo Spider "Niki Lauda" Edition | LBI Limited, accessdate: 25. May 2019
- ^ 1978 Alfa Romeo Niki Lauda Special Edition — Collectible Wheels: 1978 Alfa Romeo Niki Lauda Special Edition — Collectible Wheels, accessdate: 25. May 2019
- ^ "1986 Alfa Romeo Spider 2.0 Quadrifoglio Verde". automobile-catalog.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018.
- ^ "1985 Alfa Romeo Spider Veloce". Carfolio.com. 28 February 2013. Retrieved half-dozen August 2018.
- ^ Talbott, Jim; Taylor, Stuart. "Serial 4 Spider" (PDF). aroc-uk.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- ^ "Produzione complessiva" (PDF). pininfarina.information technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
- ^ "The Graduate, Pic, 1967". imcdb.org . Retrieved 15 September 2010.
- ^ "1986 Spider Graduate". conceptcarz.com . Retrieved 15 September 2010.
Bibliography [edit]
- Holmes, Marking (2007). Ultimate Convertibles: Roofless Beauty. London: Kandour. pp. 10–xi. ISBN978-i-905741-62-5.
- Fusi, Luigi (1978). Alfa Romeo—Tutte le vetture dal 1910—All cars from 1910 (3rd ed.). Milan: Emmeti Grafica editrice.
External links [edit]
- Alfa Romeo Spider register
- Alfa Romeo Spider at the Internet Movie Cars Database
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Alfa Romeo 115 Series Transmission Gear Dog Ring UPDATED
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